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The Colosseum.

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A vast, awe -inspiring arena.

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Built to showcase the power of Rome.

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A symbol of control.

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I don't think we really appreciate just
how incredibly intelligent and complex a

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structure it is and what it means.

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To celebrate its construction, 100 days
of games are staged. With thousands

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of gladiators fighting for glory.

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We'd get as much of the excitement
pulsing through the crowds as possible.

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But these games feature more than just
gladiators.

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The arena also hosts a different kind of
warrior, beast hunters.

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Dramatic, exciting encounter with exotic
beasts they've never seen before.

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Champions who stalk and slay ferocious
animals for the crowd's amazement. The

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most famous of them all,

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Carpophorus. A beast fighter from North
Africa whose battles with deadly

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predators will capture the imagination
of Rome.

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The Coliseum is one of the greatest
pieces of architecture in history.

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It was an achievement unlike any other.

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It becomes the largest amphitheater in
the Roman world.

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It remains that for the rest of Roman
history. It's enormous.

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The Colosseum is built by the Emperor
Vespasian on the site of the Golden

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the vast and opulent palace that
belonged to his disgraced predecessor,

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Nero.

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Vespasian decides to take that imperial
land and give back to the people, to

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show that he's the anti -Nero.

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And how he does it is he builds the
greatest cinema, theatre and stadium all

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rolled into one, the Colosseum.

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Vespasian wants his new amphitheatre to
be on a bigger scale than anything

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that's come before.

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The Colosseum is built during the 70s.

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Incredibly, the Colosseum only takes
eight years to build.

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The Colosseum did require these amazing
construction techniques.

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Day and night, carts are going backwards
and forwards, bringing every piece of

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construction necessary.

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There are probably a number of different
groups involved in the building

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projects in Rome.

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Emperors wanting to make sure that the
people of Rome have wages.

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Local people, local tradesmen, local
builders.

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Then you would have skilled people
involved in the design, architecturally.

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The labour certainly came from the
enslaved population.

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It's huge.

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I mean, it could seat at least 50 ,000
people.

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It also gets up to a height that no
other amphitheater gets to.

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You're presented with this sort of
towering edifice.

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The ability not just to build it was one
thing, but the ability to build it so

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fast was something that would really, as
an emperor, launch your career.

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This is no temporary structure.

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Carved from marble and stone, the
Colosseum was commissioned by Emperor

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Vespasian as a gift to the Roman people.

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A bold statement from a new dynasty, the
Flavians.

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It stands as a symbol of Roman power.

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You have the engineering, which is
unbelievable, but you also have the

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importance behind it. On one aspect,
you've got the greatest political

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that have ever existed.

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A way for the emperor, the top of the
food chain, to come in contact with the

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common people.

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It was a way to gain an audience. How
else did you get 55 ,000 people to give

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you your attention if not to build a
structure like the Colosseum?

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But also on the other side, it gave the
people a chance to talk with the

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emperor, to interact with the emperor.

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You were coming into contact with the
most important person in the known world

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at that time.

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The Colosseum was the arena where Rome's
power was made manifest,

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where both majesty and triumph, but also
evil and

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brutality were on display in equal
measure.

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It was politics, it was theatre, it was
mythology, just rolled into one

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incredible structure.

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I don't think we really appreciate just
how incredibly intelligent

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and complex a structure it is and what
it means.

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The Colosseum is completed in ATCE, a
triumph of engineering speed

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and imperial ambition.

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But Emperor Vespasian dies before it is
unveiled.

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It is left to his son Titus to oversee
its inauguration. And as a new emperor,

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he has to throw a spectacle.

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that will win the hearts of the Roman
people.

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In order to celebrate the completion of
the Colosseum, which was the grandest

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amphitheater that would ever be built,
the Emperor Titus threw the most

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elaborate games that Rome had ever seen.

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A hundred days of games.

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Titus' games are unprecedented.

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A hundred days of games, it's really on
such a large scale.

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Emperors have thrown big events before.

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This to be focused in particular on one
space, on the arena, that's something

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that Titus really takes hold of and runs
with.

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It's of a completely different order
than anything that's happened before.

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Months of intense preparation must have
unfolded before the games commence.

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Countless workers and performers
mobilize.

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The scale and cost is immense.

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Rome has never seen a stage like this.

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Ten titans deliver games worthy of the
greatest amphitheater ever built.

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Thousands of gladiators are primed for
battle.

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But another spectacle.

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is about to steal the show.

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Part of the spectacles that Romans liked
to watch, it wasn't just the gladiators

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that they came to see.

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They also enjoyed seeing the beast hunts
and the beast fighters.

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These beast fighters are known as
Venatores.

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It was too much of a risk to put a
gladiator.

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fighting against a wild beast, because
of course the beast is unpredictable.

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The Venatoris were a perfect example of
the professional hunter, who were from

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parts of the provinces, usually people
who were local to where the animals were

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from, who'd grown up with the animals,
who knew how to approach them, but also

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how to bait them, how to get them into a
good fight, and how to dispatch them in

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a way without making a risk to their
lives.

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At the building of the Colosseum, the
Romans were pretty domesticated. They

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really didn't come in contact with
nature.

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The beast hunts were a way to bring that
savage nature in a

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very controlled environment and show the
Romans what they didn't see.

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It's a little bit like television,
bringing the world to you.

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Would you travel three months to go to
India to see a tiger in a jungle?

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Probably not. But do you need to? No.
You sit in the amphitheater, the

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going to do it for you.

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He's not going to show you just how
ferocious tigers are. He's going to show

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that the Roman Empire, that man can
defeat the tiger. That's how powerful we

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are.

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It wasn't just people who would fight
animals. Sometimes they would set the

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animals against each other.

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Again, they've probably been trained in
some way how to do this.

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They're probably provoked by perhaps
being kept hungry.

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There was always a fine line there. You
couldn't starve the animal because it

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might not look very good. It's got to
look the part when it hit the arena.

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The Venatores are specialist fighters,
risking their lives against savage

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beasts.

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Most of them are forgotten by history.

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But one man's name has stood the test of
time.

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Carpophorus.

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Alongside the gladiators, another kind
of warrior captivates the Roman crowd.

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The beast hunters.

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Lions, leopards, and bears are all part
of the spectacle.

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But who is Carpophorus, the man who
faces such creatures for the amusement

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Rome?

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Carpophorus is probably the most famed
beast hunter of all of Roman history.

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He was somebody who was put into the
arena to fight against the wild, savage

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beasts from all parts of the empire.

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You might liken it to being an animal
trainer as part of a circus.

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They've got to be able to bring the best
out of the animal in the arena setting.

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Cup Forest is one of the only ones that
we have mentioned by name in the

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celebratory poems, which makes him
something very unusual and special.

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And it says something about his talent.

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In the way that he is able to deal with
the animals that he fights with, the

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kind of show that he puts on for the
crowd, that he is someone who is

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remembered.

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The Romans liked to watch these sorts of
things because watching a man like

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Carpophorus taking down wild animals,
that kind of shows the human conquering

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nature.

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Carpophorus may be the most famous beast
hunter.

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But the history of fighting animals in
the arena stretches back centuries

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the Colosseum ever stood.

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Beast fights emerged earlier on in the
Republic, in sort of the 2nd century

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After a general had conquered an area,
he would bring back exotic fauna, like

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wild animals, different wild animals
from different parts of the empire.

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But it's not until the time of Augustus
and then...

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After into the first century CE and
beyond, wild beast hunts and spectacles

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become part of this regular show.

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The Roman Empire in the time of the
Flavians is very substantial.

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By this time, the Romans have conquered
essentially the Mediterranean.

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In the east, they've gone as far as
Judea and Syria.

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And then in the west, they've gone as
far as Britain.

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And then south, they've also gone into
North Africa.

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Introducing these wild animals and
exotic species into the arena at Rome

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bringing the empire to the capital and
signalled the huge reach of Roman power

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and the wealth and resources of the
emperor who could afford to bring these

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animals from such a...

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To supply animals for the arena, the
Roman Empire

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launches extensive hunting expeditions
across its territories.

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Exotic beasts are dragged back to the
Colosseum for slaughter and spectacle.

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The North African province of Numidia is
an especially abundant region.

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In the Roman imagination, Numidia was a
land rich with resources, full of

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biodiversity.

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It's these big cats that are the real
kind of high point that the Romans

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love to see.

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The kind of animal that you get in North
Africa and not in mainland Europe.

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They're the most terrifying, ferocious,
exciting animals to watch in the

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amphitheatre.

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Getting the beef to roam is a massive
operation.

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The more foreign these animals are, The
better the spectacle is going to be for

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the crowd, the more you can ask for the
animals.

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It was so important for the emperors to
be able to source animals for their

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hunts in the capital city that they used
the army to carry this out.

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And it's a difficult, dangerous job.

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And they would use traps and baits and
anything they could to try and lure the

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animals in and then capture them and
ship them over to Rome.

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You would have different groups of
hunters, some who would be looking to

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cubs from leopards, for example.

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There they would distract the mother,
try and grab the cubs and then ride off,

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and they even describe how if you were
being pursued by the mother, you would

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throw one cub back to distract the
mother again, then you could escape with

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the other cubs that you'd stolen.

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Rome discovers that often the most
effective way to capture wild beasts is

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enlist local hunters, men like
Copophorus.

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Numidians were renowned for their
courage and martial excellence.

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They were obviously a skilled knowledge
base among the local indigenous people,

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aware of the landscape, aware of where
these beasts were.

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The locals would have known how to catch
them and how to deal with them.

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in such a way that they didn't actually
damage them.

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Because if you want to have them
preserved alive for the arena, they've

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be in good shape.

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And then they would transport them from
North Africa back to take part in these

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games.

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Carpophorus is enslaved by Rome.

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Likely held captive alongside the
animals, he endures a brutal sea journey

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north. Aboard the ship, he is forced to
work, cleaning pans, feeding predators

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with the carcasses of the dead. His life
now belongs to the Empire.

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The types of these games are
unprecedented.

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100 days of games in which we're told 9
,000 animals

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appear and 10 ,000 gladiators.

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It was a hot ticket, 50 ,000 feet for a
population of one million.

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And so demand must have been enormous.

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We don't hear of ticket sales.

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And tickets are kind of handed down
through patronage on the basis of the

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emperor's favor.

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And this was another way that the
emperor could exert control over the

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of Rome.

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Behind the scenes, countless workers
keep the games running, an operation as

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massive and demanding as the games
themselves.

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The Coliseum really was a city within a
city, and it depended on a whole

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community of workers in order to make it
function.

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The number of enslaved individuals
working to make one of these days happen

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would have numbered in the hundreds.

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You'd have the whole one -stop shop.

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You've got to provide the gladiators and
the beast hunters with their glamorous

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costumes, with their carefully wrought
armor.

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You need people to hand out the food.

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If it's a nice day, they would use sails
as awnings to keep people in the shade.

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And they had a special sort of marine
unit who were used to hauling up sails

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ships to operate the awnings at the top
of the Colosseum.

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There are people to clean up the sand
between fight, clean up the spilled

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to take away the bodies, to introduce
other animals.

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00:18:16,399 --> 00:18:20,520
Enslavement and animal exploitation were
the engines of Roman Empire.

230
00:18:21,080 --> 00:18:26,720
The Romans brought people and other
beings to Rome for their own uses, for

231
00:18:26,720 --> 00:18:27,720
exploitation.

232
00:18:28,700 --> 00:18:35,440
These enslavers always had a keen eye
out for who was most suited

233
00:18:35,440 --> 00:18:36,480
for what task.

234
00:18:36,860 --> 00:18:40,700
When it came to individuals who were
strong, who were charismatic, that those

235
00:18:40,700 --> 00:18:44,210
folks... might especially be marked out
for service.

236
00:18:44,830 --> 00:18:51,090
These very skills are embodied by
Carpophorus as he is forced into his new

237
00:18:51,310 --> 00:18:54,950
no longer a hunter, but something more
ferocious.

238
00:18:55,710 --> 00:19:01,850
Once he's captured and taken to Rome,
Carpophorus would have been a stage name

239
00:19:01,850 --> 00:19:04,030
given to him by his handler.

240
00:19:04,350 --> 00:19:07,410
He becomes Carpophorus the beast hunter.

241
00:19:08,700 --> 00:19:12,580
The man who will delight and entertain,
being spectators.

242
00:19:16,920 --> 00:19:23,400
In Rome, beast hunters like Carpophorus
are sent to a ludus bestiarium, a

243
00:19:23,400 --> 00:19:28,060
specialized school where fighters are
trained to battle wild animals, not men.

244
00:19:28,780 --> 00:19:32,760
This would have been where Carpophorus
would have trained.

245
00:19:33,100 --> 00:19:37,900
Beast hunters were even lower on the
social scale than gladiators were.

246
00:19:38,830 --> 00:19:41,390
Their conditions were even more
unpleasant.

247
00:19:42,110 --> 00:19:43,950
Carpathrus was not living in comfort.

248
00:19:46,010 --> 00:19:51,170
There obviously was a high degree of
training and a real premium on having

249
00:19:51,170 --> 00:19:52,750
highly skilled fighters.

250
00:19:55,310 --> 00:19:57,270
They need to be nimble.

251
00:19:57,570 --> 00:20:00,550
They need to be skilled in firing
arrows.

252
00:20:02,230 --> 00:20:05,670
They need to be very skilled in using a
spear.

253
00:20:07,850 --> 00:20:11,510
both to kill and to fend off an
attacking animal.

254
00:20:13,150 --> 00:20:20,070
These games at an amphitheatre were not
just physical exertions, they were also

255
00:20:20,070 --> 00:20:24,610
performances put on in this show to
entertain the masses.

256
00:20:25,870 --> 00:20:30,210
And so Carpal Fritz's training would
likely have involved understanding these

257
00:20:30,210 --> 00:20:34,850
beasts, how best to get them to react in
certain ways.

258
00:20:35,950 --> 00:20:39,730
So that when the day came, it would not
end so quickly.

259
00:20:41,150 --> 00:20:45,510
Because that would have left a very
unsatisfied audience paying for more,

260
00:20:45,510 --> 00:20:47,670
entertainment and more spectacle.

261
00:20:49,270 --> 00:20:52,310
Soon, Karpofros' training will come to
an end.

262
00:20:52,710 --> 00:20:55,190
The sands of the Colosseum await.

263
00:20:55,510 --> 00:21:00,610
When he's in the arena, staring down
predators like the ones he hunted in

264
00:21:00,610 --> 00:21:04,670
Africa, the choice is simple. Win or
die.

265
00:21:07,440 --> 00:21:09,480
So it's finally the day of the games.

266
00:21:10,000 --> 00:21:16,320
The crowds flood in, and the Colosseum
stands ready, built for a magnificent

267
00:21:16,320 --> 00:21:18,240
spectacle just like this.

268
00:21:19,520 --> 00:21:23,400
One of the contributions of the
Colosseum in general is various zones.

269
00:21:23,860 --> 00:21:27,300
The innermost zone, of course, is the
playing area, in this case, the sand.

270
00:21:28,080 --> 00:21:31,700
And then there is the seats themselves,
the second zone.

271
00:21:33,130 --> 00:21:37,970
A third zone are the whole elaborate
circulation system that led people into

272
00:21:37,970 --> 00:21:38,970
their seats.

273
00:21:39,350 --> 00:21:41,470
There are cells. There are storerooms.

274
00:21:42,530 --> 00:21:46,410
There are storerooms for the various
animals. There are cells for the

275
00:21:46,410 --> 00:21:49,910
gladiators. There are cells for the
people being condemned to die in the

276
00:21:50,190 --> 00:21:54,330
One thing that really did help is a
system of numbering of the arches. You

277
00:21:54,330 --> 00:21:55,490
still see it to this day.

278
00:21:57,630 --> 00:22:00,070
Each with their number at the top of the
arch.

279
00:22:01,340 --> 00:22:05,900
and a ticketing system in which each
individual, once they entered that zone,

280
00:22:06,040 --> 00:22:08,900
knew precisely where they were supposed
to go and where they were supposed to

281
00:22:08,900 --> 00:22:09,900
sit.

282
00:22:10,540 --> 00:22:14,080
A central part of the new building is
the imperial box.

283
00:22:17,020 --> 00:22:21,540
This is where the emperor and his
entourage are going to sit, and they are

284
00:22:21,540 --> 00:22:24,480
just there to see, they're there to be
seen.

285
00:22:24,700 --> 00:22:26,140
They are part of the spectacle.

286
00:22:28,650 --> 00:22:32,730
And for the crowd, you know, one of the
big buzzes they get is that there they

287
00:22:32,730 --> 00:22:36,910
are sharing this hugely expensive
entertainment with the emperor himself.

288
00:22:42,390 --> 00:22:45,190
Location was everything in the Roman
amphitheater.

289
00:22:47,670 --> 00:22:52,730
Clearly, also, anyone who was in the
box, or the closer you were to the

290
00:22:52,730 --> 00:22:54,810
emperor's presence, the higher your own
status was.

291
00:22:58,800 --> 00:23:03,960
But also there's a whole vertical aspect
as well. The topmost tiers of Roman

292
00:23:03,960 --> 00:23:09,620
society had the closest view, whereas
slaves and women were put on top.

293
00:23:11,720 --> 00:23:15,120
The day begins with the savage thrill of
the hunts.

294
00:23:15,320 --> 00:23:20,620
But even before the first spear is
thrown, danger is already in motion.

295
00:23:21,180 --> 00:23:27,520
For dragging wild beasts into the arena
is a deadly task in itself, chaotic.

296
00:23:28,200 --> 00:23:29,200
and often fatal.

297
00:23:31,320 --> 00:23:35,420
Dealing with animals was always tricky
and it didn't always go as it was

298
00:23:35,420 --> 00:23:36,420
to.

299
00:23:37,860 --> 00:23:40,080
There was no sort of concern with
safety.

300
00:23:43,160 --> 00:23:45,780
Certainly not for the people who were
participating.

301
00:23:48,640 --> 00:23:52,480
There was some concern about animals
getting up into the crowd.

302
00:23:53,020 --> 00:23:56,980
And they did actually use rollers that
meant that the animals would not be able

303
00:23:56,980 --> 00:23:59,840
to climb up into the crowd and cause
mayhem.

304
00:24:03,460 --> 00:24:08,280
You can imagine what a huge logistical
effort it was to get all of these

305
00:24:08,280 --> 00:24:12,560
in the right place without fighting each
other, without killing each other.

306
00:24:14,540 --> 00:24:19,500
They would have probably been collected
at one of the gates of Rome and then

307
00:24:19,500 --> 00:24:24,060
transported from there to the Colosseum,
most likely only a few hours before

308
00:24:24,060 --> 00:24:25,060
their appearance.

309
00:24:28,440 --> 00:24:33,600
We believe that the animals were taken
into the arena in cages and released

310
00:24:33,600 --> 00:24:34,620
through trapdoors.

311
00:24:38,800 --> 00:24:44,600
And it must have been a... horrifying,
smelly, noisy, terrifying job to be one

312
00:24:44,600 --> 00:24:46,820
of the enslaved persons managing those
winches.

313
00:24:49,860 --> 00:24:52,820
Just the sensory overload that you would
have had.

314
00:24:53,940 --> 00:24:59,320
There would have been animals crying,
all kind of animal muck everywhere. The

315
00:24:59,320 --> 00:25:00,640
stench would have been overwhelming.

316
00:25:02,280 --> 00:25:04,520
It must have just been terrifying.

317
00:25:05,800 --> 00:25:08,180
With the beasts finally in position.

318
00:25:08,800 --> 00:25:13,640
The audience are ready for Carpophorus
to make his debut in the Colosseum.

319
00:25:14,600 --> 00:25:18,080
The crowd have been waiting for this
moment for a long time.

320
00:25:19,540 --> 00:25:23,680
They are in their seats and they're
cheering. They're just waiting for the

321
00:25:23,680 --> 00:25:25,280
procession to enter the Colosseum.

322
00:25:28,960 --> 00:25:33,740
And their eyes are laser -focused on
looking for Carpophorus.

323
00:25:34,700 --> 00:25:37,700
You can imagine what it would be like,
sort of waiting in darkness.

324
00:25:40,520 --> 00:25:45,500
Hear all the noise and the shouts of the
crowd, and then to appear in front of

325
00:25:45,500 --> 00:25:47,520
50 ,000 screaming Romans.

326
00:25:52,940 --> 00:25:57,700
They've been advertised everywhere, and
they've come from far, just to see their

327
00:25:57,700 --> 00:25:58,700
favourite Venator.

328
00:26:00,540 --> 00:26:07,420
Hippoporus is fetish on his adversary.
He's riding in on a raging bull.

329
00:26:10,090 --> 00:26:12,110
And then he leaps off of the animal.

330
00:26:14,330 --> 00:26:17,750
And then he has to face it down and bite
it.

331
00:26:23,050 --> 00:26:28,670
That skill set of the person who has to
bring those beasts together to produce

332
00:26:28,670 --> 00:26:33,110
that spectacle is able to whip that
animal up into a kind of frenzy.

333
00:26:35,020 --> 00:26:38,900
Now, this is the sort of thing that
would be horrifying, I think, from a

334
00:26:38,900 --> 00:26:40,400
perspective to observe.

335
00:26:41,580 --> 00:26:45,000
But it would require a really specific
set of skills.

336
00:26:46,160 --> 00:26:49,940
Part of Carpool Hood's training would
have likely been an attempt to try and

337
00:26:49,940 --> 00:26:55,100
extend the event as much as possible, to
try and really get as much of the

338
00:26:55,100 --> 00:26:57,140
excitement pulsing through the crowd as
possible.

339
00:26:58,360 --> 00:27:00,860
Somebody in this beastie area...

340
00:27:01,150 --> 00:27:05,210
is going to be predicated on your
capacity to move quickly and to get out

341
00:27:05,210 --> 00:27:11,130
danger fast and have a whole bunch of
strategies to come and deal with animals

342
00:27:11,130 --> 00:27:14,890
that are feisty and wild and ready to
bite.

343
00:27:20,070 --> 00:27:26,530
With skill, Carpophorus slays the beasts
he's pitted against, a spectacle that

344
00:27:26,530 --> 00:27:28,270
sends the crowds into a frenzy.

345
00:27:29,230 --> 00:27:35,510
Yet the 100 days of games are far from
over, and there is much more brutality

346
00:27:35,510 --> 00:27:36,870
ahead.

347
00:27:44,570 --> 00:27:49,210
Tidus' games are unprecedented in both
scope and scale.

348
00:27:50,370 --> 00:27:55,310
Alongside the beast hunters, the arena
offers a host of spectacles and

349
00:27:55,310 --> 00:27:56,310
novelties.

350
00:27:56,840 --> 00:28:02,540
including a gladiator duel that will
echo through history as one of the most

351
00:28:02,540 --> 00:28:04,120
legendary ever fought.

352
00:28:07,860 --> 00:28:14,280
So the highlight of Titus's first day is
this big fight between Priscus and

353
00:28:14,280 --> 00:28:15,280
Verus.

354
00:28:17,320 --> 00:28:22,320
Priscus means something like the sort of
primeval one, Verus means the truth.

355
00:28:22,800 --> 00:28:26,660
These were stage names, and they were
both well -known gladiators.

356
00:28:29,300 --> 00:28:33,020
And they fight, and they fight, and they
fight, and it goes on and on.

357
00:28:36,340 --> 00:28:39,700
So much so that they have to have rest
breaks, and they're even given

358
00:28:39,700 --> 00:28:41,860
refreshments because they're so tired.

359
00:28:44,300 --> 00:28:46,820
But in the end, neither of them is able
to win.

360
00:28:48,100 --> 00:28:49,860
And they both simultaneously

361
00:28:50,600 --> 00:28:52,960
raise their finger and ask for mercy.

362
00:28:58,340 --> 00:29:03,340
It's never been seen before, and the
crowd go mad, and of course Titus plays

363
00:29:03,340 --> 00:29:05,720
for this by freeing both of them.

364
00:29:06,040 --> 00:29:10,840
And this is a sign of, you know, what a
good, generous emperor he's going to be.

365
00:29:16,960 --> 00:29:21,410
One of the main themes in the
development of gladiatorial combat in

366
00:29:21,410 --> 00:29:22,710
perennial search for novelty.

367
00:29:23,690 --> 00:29:27,310
One of the ways to introduce novelty was
to have women fight.

368
00:29:29,450 --> 00:29:33,670
It's very clear that women developed
into skilled fighters in their own

369
00:29:36,430 --> 00:29:40,770
As such, they were included in the
displays at the inauguration of the

370
00:29:40,770 --> 00:29:41,770
Colosseum.

371
00:29:44,300 --> 00:29:48,820
It's possible that, like other female
fighters, they were dressed as mythical

372
00:29:48,820 --> 00:29:55,240
figures, as gods or heroes, as a way to
increase the excitement of the crowd.

373
00:29:57,160 --> 00:30:03,340
But they fought, and they often fought
each other, or acted as beast hunters.

374
00:30:06,680 --> 00:30:10,600
We do know of one pair of named female
gladiators.

375
00:30:11,370 --> 00:30:17,390
We have a stone from southwest Turkey
which shows two females

376
00:30:17,390 --> 00:30:20,730
in combat stance facing each other.

377
00:30:21,830 --> 00:30:26,070
And their names are Amazon and Achillea.

378
00:30:27,630 --> 00:30:33,130
So there we have the symbol of strength,
the symbol of youth and courage.

379
00:30:33,760 --> 00:30:37,060
And this would have caused all sorts of
reactions in the crowd. They might have

380
00:30:37,060 --> 00:30:42,020
expected to see a woman. And it also
might have caused real admiration from

381
00:30:42,020 --> 00:30:43,320
male and female fans.

382
00:30:46,560 --> 00:30:51,420
Gladiators, female fighters, and the
legendary Carpophorus.

383
00:30:53,420 --> 00:30:58,240
Day after day, the Colosseum delivers
shock and awe.

384
00:30:58,900 --> 00:31:00,900
The Empire's greatest arena.

385
00:31:01,500 --> 00:31:04,360
hosts the wildest battles ever played.

386
00:31:05,440 --> 00:31:11,720
All of it enforcing the power and
majesty of the man in charge of the

387
00:31:14,900 --> 00:31:19,460
By this point, it is now a demonstration
of the emperor's power.

388
00:31:21,600 --> 00:31:27,420
When Hytus puts on these games, when he
puts these animals, these beasts, into

389
00:31:27,420 --> 00:31:28,420
the clothing,

390
00:31:30,160 --> 00:31:37,080
This is the demonstration of his power,
his reach. It's the reach

391
00:31:37,080 --> 00:31:38,080
of the empire.

392
00:31:40,220 --> 00:31:44,520
To put your name out there. I'm the
person who put on these games.

393
00:31:47,220 --> 00:31:48,540
I've treated you.

394
00:31:49,880 --> 00:31:51,420
I've given you entertainment.

395
00:31:53,120 --> 00:31:58,520
This was a key political strategy in
climbing up the Roman political system.

396
00:32:02,160 --> 00:32:08,920
After 100 days of intense combat, the
spectacle finally comes to an end. A

397
00:32:08,920 --> 00:32:15,240
dazzling display of imperial majesty,
these games will be remembered as

398
00:32:15,240 --> 00:32:17,460
the greatest in Rome's history.

399
00:32:19,240 --> 00:32:22,100
Yet Titus' glory is short -lived.

400
00:32:22,400 --> 00:32:28,740
Within the year, he is dead, and his
brother Domitian sits upon the throne.

401
00:32:38,800 --> 00:32:40,000
81 CE.

402
00:32:41,480 --> 00:32:44,520
A new emperor ascends to the throne.

403
00:32:46,160 --> 00:32:51,560
Domitian. A man determined to reshape
the games in his own image.

404
00:32:55,300 --> 00:32:58,400
The emperor Domitian was the third in
the line of the Flavian dynasty.

405
00:33:01,380 --> 00:33:05,260
He was the son of Vespasian, the emperor
who built the Colosseum.

406
00:33:06,960 --> 00:33:10,700
and the brother of Titus, who had
succeeded Vespasian.

407
00:33:13,160 --> 00:33:16,980
He is not as successful as Titus as
emperor.

408
00:33:19,200 --> 00:33:23,100
We hear all sorts of interesting stories
about Domitian and his personality

409
00:33:23,100 --> 00:33:24,100
type.

410
00:33:25,400 --> 00:33:28,540
Constantly worried about conspiracies
against his life.

411
00:33:30,800 --> 00:33:35,560
He was said to have lined the walls of
his palace with reflective stones.

412
00:33:38,280 --> 00:33:42,340
Stone that would shine to such an extent
that he'd be able to see who was behind

413
00:33:42,340 --> 00:33:43,340
him at any point.

414
00:33:46,100 --> 00:33:50,360
We hear of him spending his time pulling
the wings off of flies for

415
00:33:50,360 --> 00:33:51,360
entertainment.

416
00:33:52,900 --> 00:33:57,860
He is accused of having a hand in the
death of his elder brother, Titus.

417
00:33:59,100 --> 00:34:05,280
He pushes the boundaries of power, which
are constantly being pushed by

418
00:34:05,280 --> 00:34:07,660
emperors, but... one step further.

419
00:34:09,880 --> 00:34:12,239
All emperors want to outdo the emperor
before them.

420
00:34:13,860 --> 00:34:18,620
Especially more so if the emperor
previously was your older brother and

421
00:34:18,620 --> 00:34:19,639
the youngest of the family.

422
00:34:21,760 --> 00:34:25,080
Every emperor tried their best to make
their games the ones that were

423
00:34:25,080 --> 00:34:26,080
unforgettable.

424
00:34:27,560 --> 00:34:31,300
And these are standards that have been
set previously by Julius Caesar, by

425
00:34:31,300 --> 00:34:32,300
Augustus.

426
00:34:35,870 --> 00:34:40,190
In the case of Domitian, he's in a
period where now the stage is set bigger

427
00:34:40,190 --> 00:34:42,290
it's ever been before because now he has
the coliseum.

428
00:34:44,630 --> 00:34:47,870
He tries his utmost to be the emperor
that's most remembered.

429
00:34:50,650 --> 00:34:53,530
Anything that he thinks is going to gain
attention, that's going to make the

430
00:34:53,530 --> 00:34:55,530
game slightly different, he's willing to
use.

431
00:34:58,010 --> 00:35:01,770
The more novel you can be with your
entertainment, the more you would

432
00:35:01,770 --> 00:35:04,430
the attention and the popularity of the
common people.

433
00:35:08,110 --> 00:35:11,850
Domitian was interested in the
theatrical, and that's reflected in his

434
00:35:11,850 --> 00:35:18,170
transformation of the games into even
more lavish spectacle than his

435
00:35:18,170 --> 00:35:24,550
predecessors, in terms of setting them
at night, in terms of increasing the

436
00:35:24,550 --> 00:35:25,550
types of competitors.

437
00:35:26,730 --> 00:35:32,630
Domitian also expanded the Colosseum,
constructing a vast labyrinth called a

438
00:35:32,630 --> 00:35:35,190
hypogeum beneath the arena floor.

439
00:35:36,110 --> 00:35:41,250
Hidden from the crowd above, this
underground world housed gladiators,

440
00:35:41,250 --> 00:35:47,510
animals and elaborate props, bringing
new levels of drama and danger to the

441
00:35:47,510 --> 00:35:48,510
games.

442
00:35:48,850 --> 00:35:54,070
Once the basement was installed, we
believe that the animals were taken down

443
00:35:54,070 --> 00:35:59,610
into the basement and then winched up
into the arena in cages and released

444
00:35:59,610 --> 00:36:00,610
through trap doors.

445
00:36:05,710 --> 00:36:09,070
All about competing for status, outdoing
your rivals.

446
00:36:10,470 --> 00:36:16,050
These new additions all fed into the
emperor's personal passion for the

447
00:36:17,210 --> 00:36:22,370
Like many emperors, Domitian did not
make a secret of his preferences when it

448
00:36:22,370 --> 00:36:26,510
came to sports. And he was a strong
proponent of the type of fighter known

449
00:36:26,510 --> 00:36:27,510
Murmillo.

450
00:36:28,830 --> 00:36:29,830
So fierce.

451
00:36:30,080 --> 00:36:34,960
was Domitian's obsession that a brutal
reprisal was in store for a man who

452
00:36:34,960 --> 00:36:37,440
voiced his love for another fighting
style.

453
00:36:39,720 --> 00:36:45,140
This enraged Domitian to such an extent
that he had the perpetrator ripped to

454
00:36:45,140 --> 00:36:51,060
shreds by dogs with a plaque around his
neck advertising that he was a fan of

455
00:36:51,060 --> 00:36:52,880
the Thracian style of fighting.

456
00:36:54,300 --> 00:36:56,040
And this really shows...

457
00:36:56,810 --> 00:36:59,850
Domitian's vindictive and perverse
nature pretty clearly to us.

458
00:37:04,070 --> 00:37:09,310
Determined to build his own legacy,
Domitian drives the games to new

459
00:37:10,390 --> 00:37:13,910
Carpophorus is called to return to the
Colosseum.

460
00:37:14,790 --> 00:37:18,010
Beasts from the farthest reaches of the
Empire await.

461
00:37:18,970 --> 00:37:23,510
Victory is not assured, nor is survival.

462
00:37:31,210 --> 00:37:32,650
It's 83 CE.

463
00:37:33,770 --> 00:37:35,550
Carpoporus's finest moment.

464
00:37:35,850 --> 00:37:40,150
This is when he will fight 20 animals in
the arena.

465
00:37:41,530 --> 00:37:45,770
The crowd have been waiting forever and
he is full of anticipation.

466
00:37:46,970 --> 00:37:48,990
Carpoporus enters the arena.

467
00:37:49,590 --> 00:37:51,390
He looks spectacular.

468
00:37:53,170 --> 00:37:55,530
The crowd roars.

469
00:37:56,850 --> 00:37:58,950
He waits in anticipation.

470
00:37:59,710 --> 00:38:00,970
for his first opponent.

471
00:38:02,210 --> 00:38:06,410
On the other side of the arena emerges a
wild boar.

472
00:38:08,090 --> 00:38:14,650
The boar let out a terrifying grunt,
looked at Carpophorus

473
00:38:14,650 --> 00:38:15,650
and charged.

474
00:38:18,850 --> 00:38:20,690
Many combatants followed.

475
00:38:21,170 --> 00:38:25,730
Panther, Leopard and innumerable other
apex predators.

476
00:38:26,190 --> 00:38:28,630
But it was the final fight that
mattered.

477
00:38:29,420 --> 00:38:31,800
A great lion of untold size.

478
00:38:32,400 --> 00:38:34,360
This is the himalaya peak of his career.

479
00:38:35,020 --> 00:38:36,220
It's dramatic.

480
00:38:37,640 --> 00:38:38,920
It's exciting.

481
00:38:39,700 --> 00:38:41,060
It's thrilling.

482
00:38:42,060 --> 00:38:46,360
And it's all done in the name of Rome's
imperial majesty.

483
00:38:48,280 --> 00:38:54,020
With a final fatal strike, Carpufros
brings down the raging lion.

484
00:38:54,920 --> 00:38:58,360
In that moment, he cements his legacy.

485
00:38:59,210 --> 00:39:04,030
He will forever be known as Rome's most
famous beast slayer.

486
00:39:05,810 --> 00:39:09,290
Carpophorus is described as surpassing
the labors of Hercules.

487
00:39:10,490 --> 00:39:14,770
Hercules, a demigod who killed a Nemean
lion with his own hand.

488
00:39:15,670 --> 00:39:20,310
This was a human who had become divine
because his actions were so great.

489
00:39:21,190 --> 00:39:24,650
Here is Carpophorus who is going even
beyond that.

490
00:39:26,220 --> 00:39:31,840
Carpophorus may have won eternal fame in
the arena, but what became of him after

491
00:39:31,840 --> 00:39:33,860
is lost to time.

492
00:39:35,360 --> 00:39:39,400
We can only speculate about Carpophorus'
subsequent life.

493
00:39:40,860 --> 00:39:44,980
He likely was never involved in anything
quite as spectacular again.

494
00:39:46,540 --> 00:39:52,300
He was probably, by this time or through
this event, freed and gained a great

495
00:39:52,300 --> 00:39:53,940
amount of wealth for his victories.

496
00:39:55,760 --> 00:40:01,020
Yet the price of Carpophorus' glory was
steep, paid in blood, and the

497
00:40:01,020 --> 00:40:06,400
destruction of a natural world, torn
apart by Rome's hunger for spectacle.

498
00:40:06,860 --> 00:40:13,160
The continual thirst for exotic animals
by the Roman beast trade resulted in the

499
00:40:13,160 --> 00:40:17,540
extermination and the extinction of
animals in whole swaths of parts of the

500
00:40:17,540 --> 00:40:18,540
Roman Empire.

501
00:40:20,230 --> 00:40:24,890
Many of the animals that were killed
were apex predators, and when you remove

502
00:40:24,890 --> 00:40:28,690
apex predator from an ecosystem, you
cause what are called cascade effects,

503
00:40:29,010 --> 00:40:34,570
which means that the populations of
lower predators change and grow, and

504
00:40:34,570 --> 00:40:36,810
the whole ecosystem is disrupted.

505
00:40:39,990 --> 00:40:43,630
This would have caused all sorts of
extinction events throughout the Roman

506
00:40:43,630 --> 00:40:44,630
Empire.

507
00:40:46,220 --> 00:40:51,440
The selection of predators for the stage
had impact outside of Rome and Italy

508
00:40:51,440 --> 00:40:52,440
itself.

509
00:40:54,260 --> 00:40:58,760
Rome has no concept of the environmental
damage that they're doing.

510
00:41:00,080 --> 00:41:02,700
If they did, it doesn't seem like they
cared.

511
00:41:04,080 --> 00:41:09,440
They were happy to go into places and
strip them bare of whatever made them

512
00:41:09,440 --> 00:41:11,500
wealthy in order to increase their own
wealth.

513
00:41:11,780 --> 00:41:14,040
That is the nature of the Roman Empire.

514
00:41:14,510 --> 00:41:17,110
And we should not forget it because they
are not to be lauded.

515
00:41:17,930 --> 00:41:23,890
At the heart of all this bloodshed stood
a single structure built to project the

516
00:41:23,890 --> 00:41:26,050
power and dominance of Rome.

517
00:41:27,470 --> 00:41:31,810
The Colosseum is still in many ways the
key building of the Roman Empire.

518
00:41:33,510 --> 00:41:40,050
The beauty of it, the sheer scale of it,
the way that it sits within the

519
00:41:40,050 --> 00:41:41,050
landscape.

520
00:41:41,670 --> 00:41:48,610
It stands for its great achievements,
its great conquests, its

521
00:41:48,610 --> 00:41:50,150
incredible martial spirit.

522
00:41:51,370 --> 00:41:55,930
But of course it also symbolizes the
people who were at the receiving end of

523
00:41:55,930 --> 00:41:56,930
that.

524
00:41:57,150 --> 00:42:02,950
The many hundreds of thousands who were
killed, the millions who were enslaved.

525
00:42:04,200 --> 00:42:09,240
As you go further into Rome's history,
we certainly see the spectacles, whether

526
00:42:09,240 --> 00:42:13,580
they be gladiator displays or beast
hunts or beast fights, become a lot

527
00:42:13,580 --> 00:42:14,580
bloodier.

528
00:42:15,380 --> 00:42:17,460
And the scale does increase.

529
00:42:18,760 --> 00:42:22,700
It probably is one of the places that we
can point to in the world and say there

530
00:42:22,700 --> 00:42:26,100
was a huge amount of bloodshed in this
particular location.

531
00:42:27,440 --> 00:42:29,380
And it went on for hundreds of years.

532
00:42:33,610 --> 00:42:36,830
is one of the most iconic buildings of
the Roman Empire.

533
00:42:37,170 --> 00:42:43,210
Built for spectacle, it drove a
relentless demand for animals and men,

534
00:42:43,210 --> 00:42:45,670
to die for public entertainment.

535
00:42:46,690 --> 00:42:51,830
Most of the names will never be known,
but some became legends.

536
00:42:52,830 --> 00:42:57,850
Carpophorus was one of them, the famed
beast hunter of ancient Rome.